Ɔkwan Bɛn so na Wɔhyehyɛ Opal?

Sɛ́ obi a na ɔyɛ ɔbodan mu adwuma dedaw no na metaa twe me ho fi asɛmmisa yi ho efisɛ na me dwumadi ne sɛ mɛtɔn ɔbo no fɛ na ɛnyɛ nnuru a wɔde hwehwɛ mu. Wɔnnya nyɛɛ adwene kɛse biara wɔ sɛnea wɔhyehyɛe ne mfe dodow a adi mpo ho. Na nsusuwii a na wɔtaa nya wɔ Lightning Ridge ne sɛ nsu a silicane ahyɛ mu ma no sen fa anhweatam no mu na ɛhyɛ ntokuru ne mpaapaemu a hwee nni mu ma. Afei nsu no yɛɛ hyew na opal gel no yɛɛ den.

Nanso wɔ opal mfuw a ɛwɔ Virgin Valley Nevada USA [a ɛno nso yɛ opal tuntum] no wogye di sɛ wɔpiaa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a silica ahyɛ mu ma kɔɔ soro na wɔde sii afifide ananmu ma ɛyɛɛ opal.

Ɛhɔfo gye di sɛ opal a ɛwɔ Virgin bon mu no adi bɛyɛ mfe 50,000 wɔ baabi a sɛnea yegye di bere nyinaa sɛ wɔ Lightning Ridge no wɔhyehyɛɛ no ​​wɔ cretaceous bere mu mfe ɔpepem 100 a atwam ni. Eyi da adi wɔ dinosaur nnompe a wɔayɛ no opalised, afifide ne mpataa a wohuu no mu.

Wɔakyerɛ sɛ egyee bɛyɛ mfe ɔpepem anum ansa na opal bɛyɛ sɛntimita biako (bɛboro nsateakwaa nkyem abiɛsa mu biako kakra) renya nkɔso; ebia ɛnam osu a ɛtɔ hohoro silica gel no mu kɔ opal efĩ no mu so.

Ná eyi gyina nsusuwii a ɛne sɛ nnompe dodow no ara a wohuu wɔ Lightning Ridge no fi cretaceous bere so no so.

Nanso seesei nnipa pii aba adwene sɛ ebia wɔde opal besii fossil voids no ananmu akyiri yi koraa na nnipa binom akyerɛ sɛ ebia enni mfe 100,000.

Ɔbotan a wɔfrɛ no Opal

Opal abotan a wohu wɔ Queensland no yɛ soronko kakra wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ Australia opal ahorow afoforo ho, na ɛba wɔ dade abo a wɔde ayɛ kɔnkrit mu. Wɔyɛɛ concretion no esiane ionisation a efi sedimentary deposition mu nti.

Idaho Spencer opal mines a ɛwɔ USA the Opal Solution anaa silica, yɛ ade a ɛto so abien a geyser dwumadi soa.

Esiane sɛ opal no pae mpɛn pii wɔ bere bi mu nti, ɛda hɔ a ɛtoatoa so. Ntrɛwmu dodow no ara yɛ teateaa, na ɛma wonya opal abiɛsa a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara wɔ wiase no bi. Opal no yɛ hydrothermally deposited mu hollow geodes wɔ ntoatoaso layers ma Spencer Opal yɛ papa ma triplets sɛ tratraa layers a ɛkorɔn yiye a ɛsom bo opal yɛ transparent yiye a kɔla ahoɔden kɛse.

NNURUYƐ TEBEA

Wɔda so ara reyɛ nnuru tebea horow a ɛma wonya opal no mu nhwehwɛmu, nanso ebinom kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ acid tebea horow wɔ hɔ wɔ bere bi mu wɔ adeyɛ no mu na ama ayɛ silica kurukuruwa, ebia mmoawa nketenkete na wɔyɛe. Wogye di nso sɛ baabi a ɛwɔ hɔ no nso hia aluminium oxide, ferric oxide anaa magnesium oxide; ne sodium chloride anaa sodium sulphate a ɛwɔ hɔ.

NSW Primary Industries ahyɛ nyansa sɛ mmoawa mpo betumi adi dwuma Bere a wɔde Cretaceous nsu a ɛtɔe no guu hɔ no, nneɛma a nkwa wom ne montmorillonite (smectite) dɔte pii a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no bi mu no maa mmoawa no nyaa atrae pa a mmoawa no betumi adi aduan na wɔawo. Acid ne enzymes a wɔsɛe no a mmoawa nketenkete no yi fi mu no maa dɔte mu aboɔden abo ne feldspars a ɛwɔ abotan a atwa ho ahyia no mu no yɛɛ mmerɛw. Awiei koraa no, mmoawa no aduan ne nwura a ɛkɔ so no maa honam fam ne nnuru tebea horow a eye ma opal no bae.

OPAL a WƆDE FUA

Wɔde electrolyte (nnuru a wɔde yɛ aduru a anyinam ahoɔden wom) a ebetumi agye adapɛn pii ansa na wɔahu kɔla ahorow bi na edua opal wɔ nkuku mu. Eyi yɛ gel ade nkutoo na ɛnyɛ den. Wogye di sɛ saa adeyɛ yi si wɔ abɔde mu na ɛbɛkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea opal kɔɔ ogya bepɔw mu tuff bi mu anaasɛ ɛkɔɔ ogya bepɔw bi mfinimfini mu.

CSIRO NHWEHWƐMU A ƐFA OPAL KƆLA NHYEHYƐE HO

Bere a Ɔbenfo Sanders de ɛlɛtrɔnik afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete dii dwuma no, ohui sɛ opal yɛ silica bɔɔl nketenkete ɔpepem pii a wɔahyehyɛ no daa. Wohuu ntokuru nketenkete anaa ntamgyinafo mpo wɔ saa bɔɔl yi mu biara ntam, a hann fa mu ma ɛtwetwe, kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ hann fitaa anaa owia hann a ɛyɛ mmerɛw hyerɛn fa ntokuru no mu a, ɛpaapae kɔla ahorow. Wɔ opal a na bɔɔl no sua mu no, kɔla ahorow a wɔyɛ no yɛ nyankontɔn no kɔla a ɛyɛ tuntum—violet, indigo ne bruu. Bere a bɔɔl no yɛ akɛse no, na wɔyɛ kɔla kɔkɔɔ, borɔdɔma ne kɔkɔɔ. Wohu opal a ɛsom bo bere a bɔɔl no wɔ ɔkwan a wɔahyehyɛ no daa so no. Wɔ potch anaa common opal mu no, set pattern biara nni hɔ. Ɛte sɛ nea wɔ mmeae ahorow no, nkɛntɛnso ahorow pii na ɛhyehyɛɛ opal de yɛɛ opal a ɛwɔ su soronko bi a efi saa afuw no mu. Im da so ara wɔ adwene ase sɛ ɛyɛ ahintasɛm anaa nkonyaayi denam abɔde so enti momma yɛn ani nnye n’ahoɔfɛ ho.

Sɛnea Wɔhyehyɛ Opal - Adwene a Efi Ogya Bepɔw Ho Ɔbenfo Bi hɔ

Ɔkyerɛwfo Marco Campos Venuti akyerɛw nhoma foforo bi a wɔato din “Genesis and classification of agates and jaspers” nkyɛe. Ɔkyerɛwfo no yɛ ogya bepɔw ho ɔbenfo a ɔwɔ PhD na ɔkyerɛw Gemmologica Italiana. Yɛda Marco Campos ase sɛ ɔmaa no kwan sɛ yentintim.

Opal yɛ silica gel a ayɛ den a ne nsusuwii yɛ Si02.nH20, a wɔde fi aduru a wɔahyɛ no den mu na ɛyɛ. Wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔyɛ organic opal, te sɛ diatoms, radiolarians, sponges ne ntini mu afifide pii mu no, silicic acid boaboa ano wɔ nkwammoaa mu mmeae titiriw a protein pɔtee bi ma opal-A tɔ.

Opal a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa no mmom, efi nneɛma ahorow a wɔaka abom mu. Ɛho hia sɛ wonya asase a silica pii wom, a wobetumi ahu wɔ beae a ogya bepɔw wɔ, anaasɛ esiane anhwea a quartz pii wom nti. Mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ pH a ɛyɛ mfitiasede paa (>9) a ɛma brines a ɛwɔ silicic acid a ɛdɔɔso mu no yɛ kɛse. Afei yehia asase ase nsu a ɛwɔ mmere mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den wɔ nsu no mu a ɛma silica dodow kɔ soro. Afei ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛma silica atɔ. Wobetumi afi ase de ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, denam nsakrae a ɛbɛdan akɔ acid pH so anaasɛ molecule ahorow bi a ɛwɔ hɔ te sɛ iron oxide, aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, sodium sulphate anaa ɛpo mu nkyene ara kwa so.

Sɛ wɔde opal no anim a ɛyɛ ade a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ den ahyɛ mu a, ebetumi anya porosity a ɛboro 35%, a nsu na agye ne fã bi. Sɛ nhwɛsode no wow a, anka ɛbɛbubu na adan powder fitaa a wontumi nnya bio. Eyi ne ɔhaw titiriw a wohyia wɔ opal a wɔyɛ no mu. Wɔ aduruyɛdan mu no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔde resin bi a ɛnsakra opal no aniwa su hyɛ saa porosity yi ma. Abɔde de silica gel afoforo di dwuma, a mpɛn pii no ɛma opal no su brɛ ase. Diagenesis nso betumi ama mineral opal dan jasper.

Momma yɛnkyerɛkyerɛ nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no bi mu wɔ laymens nsɛm mu.

Diatom ahorow a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

Diatoms yɛ atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa afasu a ɛda nsow na ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde silicon dioxide a wɔde nsu kakraa bi (Si02 + H20) ahyɛ mu ma.

Radiolarianfo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ

Wɔyɛ amoeboid protozoa a wɔyɛ mineral nnompe a ɛyɛ nwonwa

Silicic acid a wɔde yɛ aduru

(H4SiO4), yɛ aduannuru a ɛho hia wɔ po mu

Nsu a ɛyɛ nwini

Brine yɛ nkyene a wɔde afra nsu mu. Wɔ nsɛm ahorow mu no, ebia brine bɛkyerɛ nkyene a wɔde ahyɛ mu

Opal a ɛnyɛ abɔde mu de

Wɔ atetesɛm mu no, wobu nneɛma a ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma sɛ asase ho nhyehyɛe ahorow adwumayɛbea na ɛyɛ. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wohu nneɛma a ɛwɔ abɔde mu wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom nhyehyɛe ahorow mu.

Sotɔɔ Ma Opals

Black Opal

Boulder Opal

Crystal Opal

Ethiopian Opal